Third parties use cookies for their purposes of displaying and measuring personalised ads, generating audience insights, and developing and improving products. This includes using first- and third-party cookies, which store or access standard device information such as a unique identifier. If you agree, we’ll also use cookies to complement your shopping experience across the Amazon stores as described in our Cookie Notice. We also use these cookies to understand how customers use our services (for example, by measuring site visits) so we can make improvements. Meanwhile, reflected sunlight can replace electronic lighting in a room.We use cookies and similar tools that are necessary to enable you to make purchases, to enhance your shopping experiences and to provide our services, as detailed in our Cookie Notice. Bright rooms come across as larger than dark rooms. This is advantageous for both ambience and well-being. By letting your mirrors reflect sunlight, you will enhance the natural light throughout the room. To a certain extent, you could also describe mirrors as “moveable windows”. USE MIRRORS AS “MOVEABLE WINDOWS” IN AN INTERIOR Using decorative mirrors in your home can boost the natural inflow of light, and hopefully boost your energy levels as well. Therefore, adequate sunlight is vital – especially during the winter. Natural light can enhance the overall impression of a room, because it provides you with a better appreciation of shapes and colours. Natural light contains a whole range of positive effects, underlining the importance of integrating it into your interiors. USE THE REFLECTION OF THE LIGHT IN A WALL MIRROR Furthermore, consider using a mirror in your hallway to make the best use of the space. Using mirrors for the wall in an interior is also ideal if you're decorating rooms with sloping walls. A mirror can visually magnify a room, because it can “deceive” the eye into believing that the mirror is a door leading to another room or a window in the room. If you have a number of small rooms and spaces in your home (a hallway, a children’s bedroom, a bathroom or a guest room etc.), using decorative mirrors as part of the interior design is a great idea. “MAGNIFY” YOUR SMALL ROOMS VISUALLY WITH THE USE OF MIRRORS Here are more ideas on how to integrate mirrors into the decoration of your walls, if you like the idea of something slightly less traditional. Try the mirror at different angles, both vertically and horizontally, to see which fits and compliments your space better. Using large wall mirrors is a very effective way to add space to your room, in a simple and affordable way. The mirror will reflect the living room, thereby making it seem larger. If you fancy making your living room seem bigger and more spacious, then think about hanging a large wall mirror on one of your living room walls. USE DECORATIVE WALL MIRRORS TO MAKE YOUR LIVING ROOM FEEL LARGER AND BRIGHTER Be inspired when using mirrors in your interior styling to make your home seem larger, brighter and more spacious. They represent a central interior design element which can make a room seem more dynamic. Mirrors are no longer just a practical, functional item. Here at JYSK, you will also find a suitable wardrobe that features a mirror, adding convenience and functionality to your dressing routine. Browse our selection of mirrors in a wide variety of designs including vintage-inspired mouldings, frame-less, panels and much more. Our full-length mounted and upright free-standing mirrors are also some of our customer favourites each month. White framed mirrors are the perfect accessory for a cool, contemporary interior. MIRRORS AVAILABLE FOR EVERY STLYE AND BUDGETĬhoose from our affordable assortment in a range of colours - including silver, gold, white and black. Designed to provide optimal lighting and clarity, these mirrors are a beauty enthusiast's dream come true. Round and circular mirrors are great for bathrooms, the hallway and above your dressing table. Elevate your makeup application with our stunning range of frameless and magnifying mirrors. The best rooms to create this illusion in are the bedroom and living spaces. Mirrors are more than a piece of reflective glass to check yourself out in before you head out the door, they can be used around the home in many ways, strategically placed, large mirrors can create more light within rooms and make spaces appear much bigger and brighter. FIND A MIRROR THAT REFLECTS YOUR INTERIOR AESTHETIC
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#alt#Victoria Pritchard’s hand holds an Apple Pencil as she draws a face on her iPad. iPad Pro 11-inch (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generations).iPad Pro 12.9-inch (3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th generations).If the case doesn’t have a spot for the stylus, you’ll have to keep track of it separately. You may also need to rethink your case selection if you want the Apple Pencil to accompany your iPad in its magnetically locked position. The Apple Pencil can be knocked off your iPad with relatively little effort, and some accessories can interfere with charging. Rather than a fully cylindrical body, this version also features a flat side to prevent it from rolling away.īecause this Apple Pencil attaches magnetically to your iPad and charges wirelessly, it’s easy to park it on the side of your iPad and use it when you need it.īut, be warned: While the magnetic adhesion feels firm, it isn’t foolproof. Overall, the device feels sturdier and nicer to hold, and the new material allows Apple to offer free engraving if you want to personalize your Apple Pencil. This version of the Apple Pencil comes with a smooth, matte finish rather than the plastic casing on the first-generation model. Magnetic attachment using ferrite magnets.Change tools with the double-tap gesture.This version of the iPad offers the following features: The second-generation Apple Pencil is the current model of the product, and Apple seems to have hit its stride with this updated version. #alt#An Apple Pencil (2nd generation) sits on a yellow table beside its original packaging. #caption# Image: nyc russ / Alamy Stock Photo iPad Pro 12.9-inch (1st and 2nd generations).iPad (6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th generations).The first generation of the Apple Pencil is compatible with all versions of iOS, as well as the following devices: Some users even prefer to buy female port adapters for the lightning connector - like this one on Amazon - to avoid charging the Apple Pencil via the iPad. Works simultaneously with other iPad accessories, like the Apple Smart Keyboard or third-party Bluetooth keyboards.īut it comes with a major downside: To charge the device, you’ll need to plug it into the Lightning port on your iPad.Įven though Apple says it only takes about 15 minutes to charge the device, charging the first-generation Apple Pencil feels clumsy and awkward.Contains no moving parts within the casing.Completes software updates while charging.This version of the Apple Pencil offers the following features: The first generation of the Apple Pencil was released in 2015 and is compatible with older iPad models. This was the model that started it all: The original Apple Pencil. Weight in general is also important: A stylus that’s too heavy cramps your hand over time, and one that’s too light suffers from the same problems as a slicker pen nib-you don’t have the same control over your lines.#alt#The Apple Pencil (1st generation) sits on a table beside an iPad. This is especially true for styluses that don’t support palm rejection, which means you have to keep your hand upright over the pen. Balance and weight: A stylus’s weight should be distributed evenly along its body-a stylus with most of its weight at the nib and little at the other end (or vice versa) is uncomfortable to hold and difficult to control.If it’s too sticky, you might make erroneous marks or get sore hands from gripping the stylus more tightly to drag it across the screen. If the nib is too slick, you don’t have the line control that you might get with a pen on a piece of paper. Resistance: A good stylus offers the right amount of friction between the nib (drawing end) of the stylus and the iPad’s screen.However, if a stylus cramped a tester’s hand or dug into skin, we dropped that model from consideration, and if we found it impossible to grip a stylus without dragging a hand on the screen or contorting our fingers, we eliminated that contender. Comfort: Recommending a single stylus design and grip for everyone is difficult some people prefer a thicker body, for example, while others want rubberized grips or angled grip surfaces.Advanced features: More advanced stylus models include features such as palm rejection, tilt support, and pressure sensitivity, which make for a better drawing and writing experience.While you’re drawing, the stylus should ink over the same line precisely and repeatedly, and the line on the screen should closely stick to the stylus’s tip without noticeable lag. Precision: A stylus should write consistently, without overlapping letters or inconsistent vertical spacing. Texas has one of the strongest child abuse reporting laws in the nation, requiring anyone who has reason to believe abuse has occurred to immediately alert authorities. Penny, the former USA Gymnastics chief, said in a statement that Martha Karolyi was mistaken about the timing of his call. That “timeline is incomplete, inaccurate and equally misleading,” Manly said. In a timeline submitted to a congressional committee investigating the scandal, the organization said it was told in mid-June of an athlete “uncomfortable” with Nassar’s treatment, but that it was not until late July 2015 that it decided to notify law enforcement “with concerns of potential sexual misconduct.” Manly cited the deposition to accuse the sport’s governing body of lying to Congress. senators from John Manly, an attorney representing Larson and other Nassar victims in a lawsuit that seeks monetary damages and court oversight of USA Gymnastics. Martha Karolyi, in a deposition given last year as part of the lawsuit against the Karolyis and numerous others, acknowledged that “in or around June 2015” she received a phone call from the then-head of the national gymnastics organization, Steve Penny, informing her that the organization had received a complaint that Nassar had “molested a national team gymnast at the ranch.” It’s unclear what the Karolyis knew about Nassar’s sexual abuse and whether they took any action to stop it. “Martha, did you keep Larry around because he was a good doctor? Or did you really keep him around because he let us compete when we were injured and was willing to keep your secrets?” Larson said in court. Olympic Committee that they were all “at the center of many of these failures” that allowed Nassar’s sexual abuse to persist for more than two decades.įormer gymnast Mattie Larson, who was molested by Nassar and was among the nearly 250 who provided victim impact statements during his sentencing hearings, said the doctor cleared her one time to train at the Karolyi complex on an ankle that turned out to be fractured. 8 letters to the Karolyis, USA Gymnastics and the U.S. and Romania told AP that the couple were verbally, emotionally and sometimes physically abusive.Ī congressional committee investigating the gymnastics scandal said in Feb. The Karolyis, who helped USA Gymnastics win 41 Olympic medals, including 13 gold over three decades, trained hundreds of gymnasts at their complex in rural Huntsville, Texas, known as “the ranch.” They selected gymnasts for the national team and earned millions from USA Gymnastics.īut while the Karolyis are credited with dramatically improving the performance and medal counts of the U.S. But other coaches and former gymnasts say the Karolyis’ early successes - starting with Romania’s Nadia Comaneci becoming the first woman gymnast awarded a perfect score in competition - validated the cutthroat attitudes that fostered widespread mistreatment of American athletes at the highest levels of women’s gymnastics. were subjected to abusive training methods before the Karolyis defected from their native Romania in 1981. The Karolyis didn’t reply to requests for comment, but their attorney denied they abused anyone. USA Gymnastics declined to answer questions for this story. Their meager diets and extreme training often delayed puberty, which some coaches believed was such a detriment that they ridiculed girls who started their menstrual cycles. Young girls were virtually starved, constantly body shamed and forced to train with broken bones or other injuries, according to interviews and the lawsuit. national team who trained with the Karolyis, said. “He was their little puppet,” Jeanette Antolin, a former member of the U.S. Girls were afraid to challenge authority, Nassar was able to prey on vulnerable girls and, at the same time, he didn’t challenge the couple’s harsh training methods. The Karolyis’ oppressive style created a toxic environment in which a predator like Nassar was able to thrive, according to witness statements in Nassar’s criminal case and a lawsuit against USA Gymnastics, the Karolyis and others. Controls are immediate and easy while retaining the back end depth of a turn based RPG. In Jupiter Hell, classic roguelike turn based gameplay meets modern shooter. All to the shine of CRT monitors and the tune of heavy metal. Using classic weaponry such as shotguns, chainguns, railguns, and the trusty chainsaw. Rip and tear zombies, demons, and offensive monsters. While pitting a lone space marine against vast demonic forces. Which was originally known as Doom, the Roguelike. The game takes place in a 90s flavored sci-fi universe on the moons of Jupiter. Jupiter Hell is a classic, turn based roguelike for Linux, Mac, and Windows PC. Nothing to distract you from sweet, sweet ripping and tearing through demonic hordes.
Punta Cana is undoubtedly the island’s best spot for resort hotels. The announcement comes several months after Punta Cana began renovating its airport to accommodate more passenger traffic. With a total cost of around $175 million dollars, the hotel is a major investment. The project is expected to create up to 3000 new jobs in the Altagracia region. The hotel’s executives, together with the local government, oversaw the launching of the hotel’s construction. However, the architects want to highlight the hotel’s unique features that allow it to stand out compared to other sites. Filled with lush greenery and fountains, this is another part of the hotel where guests can relax in a tropical environment.Īccording to Alvaro Pena, president of Codelpa, the construction firm working on the new resort, the hotel will be “luxurious, contemporary, and will increase Punta Cana’s already excellent availability of hotels”. What’s common to all guests though is the pool area, which features nearly 65,000 sq feet of pools to enjoy. With 7 room categories to choose from, guests are provided with choice and greater booking flexibility. There are also several venues reserved for business events, such as conferences or large meetings There is a dedicated wedding hall for newly married couples, which fits up to several hundred people. Even so, the focus is on providing a taste of the high-quality ingredients found on the island. With 7 new restaurants in the making, the Secrets Tides Punta Resort will specialize in different culinary cultures. There are several other amenities that customers will also have access to. Hints to the local nature can be found in the rooms’ furniture, which tries to recreate authentic Dominican style. The hotel’s rooms will offer a similar approach, integrating splashes of Caribbean color for an energizing yet relaxing style. With palm trees, green areas, and tropical beaches found nearby, the hotel aims to blend in with its surroundings. One of the project’s main goals is to integrate the hotel into the area’s rich nature. The resort will focus on cutting-edge technology to offer guests a modern and relaxing stay. The brand new hotel is built with comfort and quality in mind. From stepping into the resort, visitors are greeted by the turquoise colors of the nearby Caribbean sea. Natural themes predominate the hotel’s design, with guests offered glimpses of the area’s beach and seaside views. Situated right by the tropical sands of Punta Cana, the hotel will feature a sleek and elegant contemporary style, perfect for adult visitors. Offering plenty of entertainment and relaxation options, the resort is expected to be among the most versatile in the area. The new hotel, named Secrets Tides Punta Cana Resort & Spa, comes with 670 rooms and an array of luxurious amenities including its spa and nature-inspired interior decor. Punta Cana is set to open one of the modern and sophisticated resort hotels by fall 2023. This flavor is a riff on an Australian classic that uses house-made “honeycomb” with the perfect caramel-like taste and chewy on the outside, crispy on the inside texture. Ingredients: cashew milk (filtered water, raw cashews), coconut cream, organic cane sugar, cocoa butter, organic peanut butter, chocolate (cocoa butter, cocoa liquor), organic virgin coconut oil, salt, organic carob bean gum.* Honeycomb They bland pure Virginia peanut butter into the rich cashew milk base and spike with it with dairy-free, soy-free, 72% chocolate chunks from Missouri chocolate. Ingredients: cashew milk (filtered water, raw cashews), coconut cream, cookie dough (wheat flour, dark brown sugar, coconut oil, water, sunflower oil, vanilla, sea salt), coconut oil, cocoa butter, chocolate (cocoa beans, cocoa butter), vanilla extract (grain alcohol, vanilla bean), kosher salt, organic carob bean gum.* Peanut Butter Choc Chip They use a classic homemade cookie dough formula, but spike this blend with unroasted Raaka 71% chocolate chips. This is the one (current) cashew milk flavor that contains wheat, so gluten-free consumers be aware. Ingredients: cashew milk (filtered water, raw cashews), organic cane sugar, coconut cream, organic virgin coconut oil, sicilian pistachios, cocoa butter, sea salt, organic carob bean gum.* Choc Chip Cookie Dough I had no idea that Italy was known for pistachios, let alone that the slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily “grow the finest pistachios on earth.” You can test them out in this flavor. Ingredients: cashew milk (filtered water, raw cashews), coconut cream, organic cane sugar, organic virgin coconut oil, cocoa butter, chocolate (cocoa butter, cocoa liquor), organic peppermint extract (grain alcohol, peppermint leaves), salt, organic carob bean gum.* Sicilian Pistachio How do you elevate this basic flavor? With pure organic peppermint and single origin 72% chocolate chips from a Missouri chocolate maker, of course! Ingredients: cashew milk (filtered water, raw cashews), coconut cream, organic cane sugar, cocoa powder, chocolate (cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, vanilla bean, ginger, cinnamon), organic virgin coconut oil, cocoa butter, salt, organic carob bean gum.* Mint Chip They blend in even more raw cacao and cocoa butter, to create a mousse-like texture, and are somehow able to do it all without the use of soy lecithin. It might sound like an ordinary flavor, but this Van Leeuwen Vegan Ice Cream uses high-quality chocolate from Michel Cluizel, a small family-run French company. Ingredients: cashew milk (filtered water, raw cashews), organic cane sugar, coconut cream, organic virgin coconut oil, cocoa butter, salt, vanilla extract (grain alcohol, vanilla bean), organic carob bean gum, vanilla bean.* Chocolate This classic flavor is made with Tahitian vanilla beans that are cured in the sun to concentrate flavor, then cold-ground, and steeped in their rich vegan cashew milk base. Leave your own rating and review below if you have tried any of them! Vanilla Bean They have quietly changed up and added some flavors since the original launch, but this is the full list of pint flavors as of right now. From there, Van Leeuwen’s team of artisans hand crafts a selection of classic and creative flavors. Van Leeuwen cashew milk ice cream is made in small batches with a base of raw cashews, organic coconut cream, virgin coconut oil, pure cocoa butter, and organic cane sugar. Van Leeuwen Vegan Ice Cream Pints come in 11 Cashew Milk Flavors For information and reviews on the even newer line, see our Van Leeuwen Oat Milk Ice Cream post. This post is dedicated to information on the original Van Leeuwen Vegan Ice Cream pints, made with cashew milk. Now they have 11 cashew milk ice cream flavors, and 7 oat milk ice cream flavors in pints across the country. But a big round of funding enabled them to expand sales throughout the U.S. They have churned vegan ice cream for their New York ice cream shops for years, and were selling some flavors in pints in the immediate region. I can’t keep up with this company! Late last year, Van Leeuwen Vegan Ice Cream pints were launched into nationwide distribution. Shipping is usually in plain packaging without any identifying logos or labels. When you buy psilocybin spores online, vendors usually ship them in a discreet and secure manner to avoid raising suspicions. How are psilocybin mushroom spores shipped? However, it's important to be wary of extremely low prices, as this could indicate poor quality or a scam. Some rare or exotic strains may cost more due to their rarity and difficulty to cultivate. On average, a 10mL syringe of psilocybin mushroom spores can cost anywhere from $15 to $30, depending on the vendor and strain. The cost of psilocybin mushroom spores can vary depending on various factors, including the strain, quality, and vendor. It's essential to choose a vendor that has a positive reputation for providing high-quality and viable spores. By reading reviews and asking fellow enthusiasts questions, you will gain valuable insight into the reputations of different vendors within the mushroom community. A good thing to do is browse mushroom communities such as Shroomery or subreddits to ask about spore vendor recommendations and read first-hand accounts. Experienced growers and enthusiasts often share their experiences and opinions about different vendors, strains, and growing techniques online. Just like with any business, reputation is everything, and it's essential to choose a vendor with a good reputation when purchasing psilocybin mushroom spores. Read: How to grow magic mushrooms at home? Does vendor reputation matter? These vendors offer a wide selection of psilocybin spores with good reviews from past buyers. Some reputable vendors to consider include Sporeworks, The Spore Depot, and Sporevision. You can use the website to browse reviews of spore vendors and cross-check by reading reviews on forums, too. Look for vendors that have positive reviews and testimonials from experienced growers and enthusiasts you can browse Shroomery or subreddits like r/shrooms to learn more.Īlso, consider the variety of strains that the vendor offers and their shipping and payment options. It's important to do your research and choose a vendor with a good reputation within the mushroom community to avoid falling victim to fraud and scams. There are many online vendors that sell psilocybin spores, but not all of them are trustworthy or offer quality products. When it comes to buying psilocybin spores, it's essential to find a reliable vendor that offers high-quality and viable spores. Mushroom print psilocybe cubensis in hand | Shutterstock: Fukume The house maester, an old man named Cressen, tries to convince Stannis' adviser Davos Seaworth that Melisandre will bring ruin to their lord. The island's inhabitants gather on the beach as the idols they've worshipped their entire lives - the seven aspects of one god - blaze in the night. But Jon loses his temper and speaks out of turn when Craster calls them 'southerners.' Angry, Mormont chastises his young steward, asking, 'Do you want to lead? Then learn how to follow.' On the island of Dragonstone, ruled by Lord Stannis Baratheon, the red priestess Melisandre leads a bonfire. Jon wonders to his friends, 'What does he do with his sons?' Commander Jeor Mormont sits down to hold court with Craster, offering him steel and wine in exchange for his roof. The man's home is overrun with women - he's married all his daughters, who in turn have given him more daughters. As a last hope, she sends her three best riders off in different directions to search for civilization.The men of the Night's Watch march north beyond the Wall, stopping at the keep of a wildling named Craster to enjoy what little shelter is available in the far north. Running short of food and water, Daenerys watches as her people starve and her horse Silver collapses. 'Dragons.'A world away, across the Narrow Sea, Daenerys Targaryen and her fledgling dragons cross a vast desert known as the Red Waste. 'A red comet means one thing, boy,' Osha says. Beneath a red comet looming in the sky, Bran, Hodor and Osha retrace the steps he took in his dream and discuss the falling star's portent. Bran is distracted, however, by a dream he had of walking through the Godswood in his direwolf's body. 'It must be odd for you,' he tells her, 'to be the disappointing child.'As the oldest Stark at Winterfell, Bran assumes the responsibility of ruling the family seat, listening to the many requests of his bannermen as Masester Luwin advises him. Tyrion rebukes her for allowing Joffrey to execute Lord Ned Stark and then losing his daughter Arya Stark. His sister and queen regent, Cersei Baratheon, is furious and orders the council members from the room so she can talk to her brother. Sansa manages to save the man's life by suggesting Joffrey take him on as a court fool, but then the festivities are interrupted by the arrival of Tyrion Lannister.After greeting his newly crowned nephew, the dwarf heads straight to a meeting of the Small Council, where he presents a scroll declaring him acting Hand of the King in the absence of his father, Lord Tywin Lannister. Sandor 'The Hound' Clegane makes short work of his opponent, but when the next fighter, Ser Dontos Hollard, takes to the field drunk, Joffrey demands that he be drowned in wine. WeissDirected by Alan TaylorKing Joffrey Baratheon celebrates his nameday in King's Landing by ordering his knights to fight to the death for his entertainment. With Stephanie's newfound Christmas spirit and unexpected holiday romance, she begins to question Falcon's overhaul.Written by David Benioff and D.B. To complicate her professional duties even further, the combative feelings she felt toward Brady turn into romantic ones. But as the lodge's festive traditions provide the Christmas Stephanie never had growing up with her distant father, Stephanie finds herself enjoying every minute. As her Christmas Eve deadline approaches, she's faced with a decision: should she transform the lodge into a new winter hot spot or embrace tradition and let it snow?Ī self-defined Grinch, Stephanie begins her stay at Snow Valley Lodge immune to Christmas sentiment. With Stephanie's newfound Christmas spirit and unexpected holiday romance, she begins to question Falcon's overhaul. A self-defined Grinch, Stephanie begins her stay at Snow Valley Lodge immune to Christmas sentiment. As such, narayanaya can be interpreted as the “direction of a human” or that which helps an individual toward their goal of self-realization. Alternatively, nara can also mean “living entities,” so narayanaya may refer to the “resting place of all living entities.”Īnother commonly cited translation of nara is human, whilst anaya can be understood as “direction” or “goal”. This is reflected in the Tarasara Upanishad, which states that those who practice this mantra will reach Vaikuntha, the abode of Vishnu. Om namo narayanaya can therefore be understood as a reverent and respectful means of unifying individual and universal consciousness.Īnother interpretation of narayanaya comes from its Sanskrit roots nara, meaning “water” and anaya meaning “resting place” or “shelter.” Narayanaya may thus be representative of the Hindu god, Vishnu, whose resting place is water. Narayanaya has more complex roots and interpretations but is believed to be symbolic of Brahman or the inner self. Namo represents the nature of prakriti, and can be translated from Sanskrit as “to bow to” or “to pay homage to”. It is believed that this mantra revealed its significance and meaning to these Vedic seers through their penances, after which they shared it with seekers as a means of self-realization.Īccording to the Tarasara Upanishad, om is the divine sacred syllable that represents the nature of Atman, encompassing all universal energy and consciousness. In the Sama Veda, om namo narayanaya is said to have been taught by Vedic seers to the seekers who came to them for wisdom. Using proxy war as a means of indirect intervention requires considering both the policy’s utility-a short-term view that determines whether a proxy can actually provide the ability to intervene-and the efficacy-a long-term view that evaluates the likelihood that supporting the chosen proxy can produce a desirable outcome. Both provide a middle ground for intervention and help bypass the thresholds for direct intervention and nonintervention. I define proxy war as directing the use of force by a politically motivated, local actor to indirectly influence political affairs in the target state. I define donating assistance as providing resources, without intending to direct the actions of a local actor, to influence political affairs in the target state. To avoid adding to the confusion about different methods of indirect intervention, I find it necessary to separate the action into two distinct categories: donating assistance and proxy war (concepts I explore in detail in Chapter 2). Indirect intervention, and more specifically proxy war, demands more rigorous exploration and study to remedy misperceptions and misunderstanding of its use as a tool of foreign policy. The usefulness of proxy war has unfortunately been overblown. This Cold War image of proxy war continues to dominate the contemporary view of indirect interventions that involve a third party to influence civil affairs abroad and helps explain its continued use (and misuse) as an instrument of foreign policy. Local actors and conflicts were hijacked to serve the interests of Washington and Moscow. Small states on the periphery were often viewed as pawns in a much greater game, allowing the United States and the Soviet Union to compete globally without risking nuclear war. During the Cold War, the use of proxies allowed states to be far more adventurous in their efforts to influence world events and gain an advantage over their rivals. The term proxy war carries a lot of baggage. This kind of scenario is where proxy war makes its entrance into the field of possible policy options. If such a prospect appears even remotely feasible, then the question “Why fight when someone else will do it for us?” will more than likely become a dominant part of the conversation. To make such a prospect even more tempting, consider keeping the policy covert and making the involvement deniable. Under such circumstances, it may seem alluring to seize an opportunity to outsource the personnel needed for a foreign military intervention. When “doing nothing” is not perceived as an option, yet direct intervention appears to be a step too far, decision makers and their staffs seek ways to intervene indirectly. This book is about understanding the “something in between” policy. If the situation influences national security, but the circumstances do not so strongly engender public support for an overt commitment, then the decision maker has a more difficult choice to make: (1) choose not to intervene and suffer the consequences of political adversaries at home and rival states abroad viewing the administration as weak on security and unwilling to stand up to threats abroad (2) choose to intervene directly and risk failure or being labeled as aggressive and unconcerned about the ensuing loss of life or (3) find something in between. Such circumstances allow the decision maker to quickly move to planning for a direct intervention. If a civil war breaks out in another state and overtly threatens your own state’s security, then the situation clearly warrants a direct and overt response. All players here are going to have to pay a penalty and the United States of America is going to be on the side of people who fight for freedom.” 1 But the threat in Syria just doesn’t look threatening enough to the White House, or most American citizens, to warrant a direct intervention. We’re going to have the Russians pay a price for their engagement. We’re going to dedicate ourselves to the removal of Bashar al-Assad. McCain publicly urged the president, “I want to hear him say we’re going to arm the free Syrian army. Senator John McCain consistently pushed the White House to arm Syrian rebels as a means to bring down the Assad regime without committing America’s regular forces. WHEN THE decision to intervene in another state’s affairs becomes a public conversation, a decision maker can be left with only deciding how, rather than whether, to intervene. |
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